Philosophy

The Great Intellectual Divide The conflict between Arius and the orthodox party, spearheaded by Athanasius of Alexandria, stands as one of the most significant intellectual and theological battles in Western history. It was not merely a dispute over words, but a fundamental disagreement on the nature of reality and the relationship between the Creator and the Created. To determine if Arius was “wrong,” we must look through three distinct lenses: logical consistency, theological tradition, and linguistic nuance. …

John Stuart Mill’s seminal essay defending individual freedom against the tyranny of society and government.

Michael Sandel is not against success. What he is against is the story we tell about it. In The Tyranny of Merit (2020), the Harvard political philosopher argues that meritocracy — long celebrated as the fairest way to organize society — has become a source of hubris for those at the top and humiliation for those left behind. The result, he contends, is not just inequality, but a deep moral and political crisis that helped fuel the populist backlash of the 2010s. …